A Warm Current Blooms

Flowing south along Australia’s western shore, the Leeuwin Current is an oddity. Unlike most currents that flow along the western shores of continents, it flows toward the pole (away from the equator), carrying warm tropical water into what would otherwise be a cold ocean. Though invisible to the naked eye, the warm current stands out in measurements of the temperature of the ocean’s surface, as shown in the left image acquired by the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on NASA’s Aqua satellite on June 6, 2014. Warmer water is orange and pink, while cooler water is purple.

The current hugs the coast, curving south and then east with the coastline. It is the world’s longest coastal current, extending 5,500 kilometers (3,400 miles) from the North West Cape to the west coast of Tasmania—roughly equivalent to the distance between San Francisco and Miami.

The heat the current transfers to southern Australia moderates the climate, making it hospitable to marine species normally found much closer to the equator. Its warmth also encourages rain to form and fall over western Australia, saving it from the extreme dryness found on the southwestern shores of the other southern continents. Without the current, western Australia might resemble South America’s Atacama desert or southern Africa’s Namib desert.

While the current makes southern Australia hospitable, it normally turns the ocean into a desert. The warm water contains limited nutrients to sustain plant life, and it represses upwelling, so surface waters seldom get recharged with nutrients from the ocean floor. Without nutrients, few phytoplankton grow. Since plankton are the base of the food chain, only small populations of fish are able to live in the warm waters.

In the right image of ocean chlorophyll, however, the ocean is clearly in full bloom. Acquired on June 6, 2014, by the MODIS sensor on the Aqua satellite, the image shows high concentrations of chlorophyll in yellow and lower concentrations in blue. The highest concentrations are aligned with the warmest parts of the current.

If warm water represses phytoplankton growth, why are plankton growing so well here? The answer is related to the current’s swirling flow. The Leeuwin Current is extremely prone to eddies and meanders. In the fall, the current intensifies, flowing faster. The stronger eddies stir the water, allowing nutrients to reach the surface and fueling plankton blooms. In the winter, the blooms continue due to cooler temperatures and storms that agitate the water.

1. References

2. Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology Forecast help. Accessed July 1, 2014.
3. The Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO) Australasian ocean currents. Accessed July 1, 2014.
4. Government of Western Australia Living with the Leeuwin Current – In depth. Marine WATERs Western Australian Teacher Education Resources. Accessed July 1, 2014.
5. Koslow, J.A., et al. (2008, July 30) The effect of the Leeuwin Current on phytoplankton biomass and production off Southwestern Australia. Journal of Geophysical Research. Accessed July 1, 2014.
6. Ocean Color Web SST and chlorophyll. Accessed July 1, 2014.
7. Ridgway, K.R. and Condie, S.A. The 550-km-long boundary flow off western and southern Australia. Journal of Geophysical Research Oceans. Accessed July 1, 2014.
8. Rottnest Island Natural history of Rottnest Island. Accessed July 1, 2014.
9. Waite, A.M., et al. (2007, April-May) The Leeuwin Current and its eddies: An introductory overview. Deep Sea Research Part II: Tropical Studies in Oceanography. Accessed July 1, 2014.

NASA Earth Observatory images by Jesse Allen, using MODIS data provided by NASA’s Ocean Color web. Caption by Holli Riebeek with review from Norman Kuring and Lachlan McKinna. This image is based on SST and chlorophyll originally published on NASA’s Ocean Color Web.

Instrument(s): 

Aqua - MODIS - NASA